ICT Technologies, Standards and Protocols for Active Distribution Network Automation and Management

The concept of active distribution network (ADN) is evolved to address the high penetration of renewables in the distribution network. To leverage the benefits of ADN, effective communication and information technology is required. Various communication standards to facilitate standard-based communication in distribution network have been proposed in literature. This chapter presents various communication standards and technologies that can be employed in ADN. Among various communication standards, IEC 61850 standard has emerged as the de facto standard for power utility automation. IEC 61850-based information modeling for ADN entities has also been presented in this chapter. To evaluate the performance of ADN communication architecture, performance metrics and performance evaluation tools have also been presented in this chapter

Simultaneous analysis of frequency and voltage control of the interconnected hybrid power system in presence of FACTS devices and demand response scheme

This work confers the simultaneous analysis of voltage and frequency control of the 3-area interconnected hybrid power system (IHPS) consisting of parabolic-trough solar power system (PSP), wind power system (WPS) and dish-stirling solar power system (DSP) under the paradigm of microgrid. The speculated result of the IHPS is presented and analyzed considering real and reactive power as the function of both voltage and frequency. 9The proposed IHPS under investigation has been mathematically modeled for direct coupling like active power-frequency and reactive power-voltage relationships and cross coupling like active power-voltage and reactive power-frequency? relationships. The system responses under different operating conditions have been investigated to see the cross-coupling behavior of the proposed IHPS in the presence of voltage compensating devices like dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). Further, Demand Response Scheme (DRS) as a frequency control strategy has been considered to enhance the system stability. System responses have been critically analyzed under Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA) based proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllersThis work was made possible by NPRP grant # [ 13S-0108-20008 ] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors".Scopu

Control and management of distribution system with integrated DERs via IEC 61850 based communication

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are being increasingly integrated in the distribution systems and resulting in complex power flow scenarios. In such cases, effective control, management and protection of distribution systems becomes highly challenging. Standardized and interoperable communication in distribution systems has the potential to deal with such challenges to achieve higher energy efficiency and reliability. Ed. 2 of IEC 61850 standards, for utility automation, standardizing the exchange of data among different substations, DERs, control centers, PMUs and PDCs. This paper demonstrates the modelling of information and services needed for control, management and protection of distribution systems with integrated DERs. This paper has used IP tunnels and/or mapping over IP layer for transferring IEC 61850 messages, such as sample values (SVs) and GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event), over distribution system Wide Area Network (WAN). Finally performance of the proposed communication configurations for different applications is analyzed by calculating End-to-End (ETE) delay, throughput and jitter

A novel PRP based deterministic, redundant and resilient IEC 61850 substation communication architecture

A secure, reliable, redundant, resilient, time critical, efficient and interoperable substation communication network (SCN) is a prerequisite for a viable Substation Automation System (SAS). Due to emergence of IEC 61850 as a global standard for substation automation, the interoperability issues among components of substation from different vendors are resolved. The communication network must be fault tolerant and any substantial levels of disturbances should not affect the normal operation of the SAS. Due to digitization in SCN, the communication methodology is mainly focused on exchange of encrypted packet information. Failure of the communication mechanism, even for the order of milliseconds, would lead to catastrophic effects within the substation and also impacts the operation of grid, if not cleared timely. The high reliability of such a system is only possible under a redundant communication network which has a zero switchover time. Hence IEC 62439-3 based redundant protocols such as Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) recommended to be used in SCNs to achieve redundancy and seamless recovery in case of a failure. PRP based SAS along with detailed analysis of underlying process for implementing PRP protocol and its comparison with existing conventional protocols based SCN reported in literature is presented

Price based demand response for optimal frequency stabilization in orc solar thermal based isolated hybrid microgrid under salp swarm technique

10.3390/electronics9122209Electronics (Switzerland)9121-1

Active power control of autonomous hybrid power system using two degree of freedom PID controller

This paper shows an approach of active power control stratagem for an islanded Hybrid Power System (hPS) comprising of dish-stirling engine solar thermal system, wind accumulated turbine generator, diesel supplied generators, aqua electrolyzer with fuel cells and battery unit. Due to the intermittent output of DSTS and WTG as well as the load fluctuations in such a hPS, there is a rising demand for an appropriate control strategy. The Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) controllers are employed for the considered autonomous hPS so as to contain the frequency fluctuation under varying conditions. The controller gains are tuned by leveraging Flower Pollination Technique (FPA). The system’s dynamic reveal that 2DOF-Proportional–Integral–Derivative controller performs better to reduce fluctuations and stabilized time factor as compared to classical proportional–integral (PI), classical Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID), and 2DOF-PI controllers. A Sensitivity assessment is performed to check the sturdiness of the optimized controller gains as well. Results show that the proposed active power control scheme addresses intermittent output of renewable generation and operates in a very robust way with very limited oscillations introduced to the system. In this fashion, more renewable generation can be deployed with stability and reliability

A review on fractional order (FO) controllers' optimization for load frequency stabilization in power networks

Keeping generation and demand balance is a fundamental requirement in power networks. It maintains frequency of the system within permissible limits. For microgrids, this balance is important to keep tie-line power below a certain threshold. Managing load frequency deviations is indispensable for microgrids and can be managed by coordinating generators, loads as well as other components such as energy storage devices and electric vehicles. Therefore, Load Frequency Stabilization (LFS) research has gained a lot of traction in this field. Building on the importance of this concept, this paper constructs different fractional order (FO) control stratagems which have been applied in different frequency response models. In order to achieve the targeted assignment, the impact of incremental control action of different FO controllers along with the system constraints has been considered for better system dynamics. Moreover, the current research work illustrates the structural control operation with transfer function analysis of different FO controllers considered for multiple single/multi-area power network. To optimally tune the existing FO controller parameters, application of several optimization techniques corresponding to the frequency regulation issues have been undertaken. Furthermore, a visualization of complete utilization of classified FO controllers and their corresponding optimization techniques have been analyzed. In order to make the performance elegant, a review has been performed on application of different existing error functions (J) and some recently developed modified error functions. Finally, the performance of modified J considering different FO controllers have been depicted.This publication was made possible by NPRP grant # [ 13S-0108-20008 ] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation).Scopu

Cyber–physical testbed for Wide Area Measurement System employing IEC 61850 and IEEE C37.118 based communication

Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) are well known for enhancing situational awareness of the grid using IEEE C37.118 phasors from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). Recently introduced IEC 61850-90-5 Routable Sample Values (R-SV) have proven promising to communicate timestamped synchrophasors to the control center, fulfilling the purpose. In wide area protection and control schemes, the communication of synchrophasors to the control center is also followed by sending back a supervisory decision signal (based on synchrophasor data) to the physical devices in the field. Development of WAMS testbeds for implementation and assessment of such schemes have often been addressed only from IEEE C37.118 PMU phasors’ perspective alone. This paper presents a comprehensive cyber–physical WAMS testbed capable of real-time communication of synchrophasors using both IEEE C37.118 PMU phasors and IEC 61850-90-5 R-SV. It also facilitates status and feedback signal communication between the control center and substations using IEC 61850-90-5 Routable GOOSE (R-GOOSE). The developed testbed integrates a real-time digital simulator (RTDS), industry-standard hardware devices such as PMUs, Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC), IEDs, Global Positioning System (GPS) synchronization clock, network components, and software components such as IEC 61850 emulator tools. It can be used for end-to-end implementation of a myriad of wide area monitoring protection and control (WAMPAC) applications. It can further facilitate vulnerability analysis of WAMS components, analyze the impact of cyber-attacks on critical applications, and then test and validate various security solutions for cyber resiliency of WAMPAC applications

An open-source framework for publishing/subscribing IEC 61850 R-GOOSE and R-SV

Synchrophasor measurements play an important role in smart grid wide area protection. Recently, IEC 61850-90-5 has also defined transmission of IEEE C37.118.1 synchrophasors over IEC 61850 messages. Routable versions of GOOSE and SV messages mapped to network and transport layers called R-GOOSE and R-SV have been proposed. In literature, many commercial and open-source implementations for publishing R-GOOSE and R-SV messages have been reported. However, the available opensource implementations are limited in terms of accessibility, scalability, and configurability. To this end, this paper presents a holistic open-source framework consisting of both publisher and subscriber modules for publishing and subscribing custom R-GOOSE/ R-SV messages